General, Sir John Monash, Personal Files Book 22, 1 February - 10 April 1919- Part 11

 

Per Gen. M^cNicoll\ 4/4/19

 

----  NOTES OF THE PHARISEES  ----

 

SCRIBE             Godified the Torah - laid foundations

                       for a supplementary edition, advancing with

                       progressive requirements of life - numerous social

                       class, whose influence exceeded that of the priests.

 

PTOLEMY         300 B.C. - Torah translated into Greek;

I and II          extension of Jewish-Greek literature sprang up.

 

GROWTH of     The upper classes endeavoured to conceal

HELLENISM      their Jewishness in the presenceof the refined Greeks.

 

ANTIOCHUS     ANTIOCHUS endeavoured to continue process

                            of Hellenization (168). JERUSALEM was therefore

                            abandoned by its inhabitants, who fled to EGYPT, and

                            hid in deserts and caves. The Scribe held out

                            specially strongly.

 

MATTATHIAS          MATTATHIAS (Father of JUDAS MACCABAEUS)

                           became head of a band determined to defend their

                           ancestral religion with the word.

 

JUDAS MACCABAEUS       JUDAS MACCABAEUS succeeded - struggle

                            assumed larger dimensions (166-165). Jews held their

                            own. JERUSALEM worship restored to its previous condition.

 

LYSIAS, the                 LYSIAS, the regent, granted a charter of

REGENT           religious freedom to the Jews. Religious war

                           continued - for the supremacy and not for the faith.

 

JONATHAN             JONATHAN made High Priest; then captured

                           and executed by TRYPHO,who failed to defeat SIMON

                           (last remaining brother of  JUDAS MACCABAEUS) who

                           became High Priest and under whose reign agriculture,

                           industry, and commerce flourished, and peaceful

                           progress resulted from a successful war (140).

 

SIMON murdered .......

 

 

-2-

 

                                    SIMON murdered. JERUSELAM capitulated. The

                              surrender of all external possessions of Jews was

                              insisted on, and suzerainty of the Syrians became

                              a reality (135). But ANTIOCHUS SIDETES fell in

                              130, and HYRCANUS (SIMON's son and successor)

                              recovered what he had lost, and made new acquisitions.

                              He died in 105 - "a pattern of all that a pious

                              Prince ought to be"

 

PHARISEES            The Scribes withdrew themselves

                              from the MACCABEES from the time of JONATHAN, son of

                              MATTATHIAS. Legally they were right in contenting

                              themselves with the attainment of religious liberty.

                              Temple and synagogue were not to be cast into the 

                              shade by politics and clash of arms.

                                       Under MATTATHIAS and JUDAS MACCABAEUS the

                             scribes were dominated by enthusiasm of the people,

                            and could only keep themselves out of the current of 

                            war and public affairs.

                                     Under HYRCANUS they gained prominence, and

                           under ALEXANDER HANNAEUS their influence on popular

                           opinion was paramount. It was looked upon as an

                           anomaly that a war-like king should again assume the

                           sacred mantle in order to perform the sacrifice on

                           some high festival. The whole "idea of Judaism",

                           i.e. "God and the Law" was threatened. The masses

                          therefore sided with the Pharisees (i.e. the party

                          of the Scribes) as against the SADDUCEES (i.e. the

                         (HASMONEAN Party).

 

SALOME (79)         SALOME, JANNANUS'S widow, became 

                         Queen, and was absolute in external affairs. HYRCANUS

                         II, her 1st son, became High Priest, and the

                        Pharisees ruled home policy.

 

Insurrection

 

 

-3-

 

                                  Insurrection of SADDUCEES under ARISTOBULUS,

                          second son of JANNAEUS, who, on death of SALOME in

                          69, became master of situation and HYRCANUS had to

                          reign office. HYRCANNUS and his friend ANTIPATER

                          pulled the Pharisees together again, and the masses

                          joined them against the usurper, ARISTOBULUS, who was

                          besieged in JERUSALEM IN 65, but the Romans procured

                          relief for him.

                                   In 63 POMPEY carried JERUSALEM by storm,

                         abolished the Kingship, took off ARISTOBULUS,  and

                         replaced HYRCANUS as High Priest.

                                       Henceforth Roman intervention was a disturbing

                         feature in Jewish history. The struggle between the

                         PHARISEES and the SADDUCEES continued but only from

                         momentum. The PHARISEES had been victorious, and 

                         the SADDUCEES had lost all in the abolition of the

                         kingship.       

                                      HEROD began his reign (37) by executing 45

                        SADDUCEAN notables, his most zealous opponents and

                        members of the synedrium; began to corrupt the rest

                        and abolished the life tenure of the high priestly

                        office, thus relegating the SADDUCEES to utter

                        insignificance. They were driven out of their native

                        sphere - the political - into the reign region of

                        theoretical and ecclesiastical discussion.

 

PHARISEES in           During HEROD'S period the PHARISEES

the synedrium    enjoyed their greatest prosperity. The had abstained

                                from taking part in the life and death struggle for

                                existence of the national state, and had even

                                counselled the fanatical defenders of JERUSALEM to open

                                the gates to the enemy - thus gaining high favor with

                                HEROD. HEROD died 4 B.C., and his successor was

                                banished by AUGUSTUS A.D.40 - JUDEA coming un a X

                                Roman Procurator. This was and advantage to  

                                

SADDUCEES,

 

 

-4-                

                                     SADDUCEES, but was less satisfactory for the Pharisees,

                            for though ROMANS were less oppressive than under

                            HEROD they committed the rudest outrages on the Law.

                            Therefore a new party, the ZEALOTS, which, unlike the

                            PHARISEES who contented themselves with aiming at the

                            fulfilment of the Law and leaving all else in the

                            hands of God, was determined to take an active part in

                            bringing about the realization of the kingdom of God.

                            The ZEALOTS soon became the dominant party. They

                            were a combination of noble and base elements,

                            superastitious enthusiasts and political assassins.

                            All social order disappeared; no property was secure -

                           assassins alone prospered, and the procurators went

                           shares in the profits. Deept resentment against

                           Roman rule was the result of this anarchical condition.

                           Many insults and cruelties followed, till a rising

                           took place, spread through all ranks and classes, and

                           the autocracy found it expedient to assume the 

                           leadership. Constant war until the fall of JERUSALEM

                           in 70.

                                          The extinction of the ancient commonwealth

                          had to be compensated for by an inner centralization

                          proportionately stronger. Separation from everything

                          heathenish became more pronounced than ever.

                                          The old tendency of the Scribe to leave

                          as little as possible free to individual conscience,

                          and bring everything within scope of positive

                          ordinance now celebrated its greatest triumphs. There

                          were liberal innovations whose object was simply to

                          widen the domain of the Law in a consistent manner

                          and to bring the individual entirely under the ^^iron/ rule

                          of system. The Jewish community gave willing

                          obedience. Judaism had to be maintained, and the

                          means employed were well adapted to the purpose.

                          One consequence was the systematization and

codification

 

 

-5-

                        codification of juristic and ritual traditions.

                        Pharisaic doctrines were codified and elevated to

                        the position of statute law. The MISHNA, the 

                        TANNAIM, the AMORIAN, the GEMARA were supplemented

                        and rendered permanent.

GENERAL VIEW                   The chief tendency of the Pharisees

           of                  was to resist all Greek and Roman and other influences

PHARAISICAL       threatening to undermine the sacred religion of their

DOCTRINES          fathers. They took their stand on the Law and on

                                 sacred tradition among the people. They were

                                 distinguished by their most scrupulous observance of

                                 ordinances. They adopted among themselves various

                                 degrees of purity, a special course of instruction,

                                 a solemn initiation, and a novitiate being necessary

                                 for each; but they had no articles of creed different

                                 from the whole body of Jews. The Bible was their

                                 only code. Obedience to traditional Law, strictest

                                 observances of all religious and moral duties,

                                 submission to Divine Will, full confidence in the 

                                wisdome and justice of Providence, firm belief in

                                future reward and punishment, chastity, meekness, and

                                forbearance - these were the doctrines inculcated in

                                their schools. They were in fact nothing more nor

                                less than the educated part of the people who saw in

                                the rigid adherence to the ancient religion the only

                                means of saving and preserving the commonwealth. Hence

                                they wished public affairs to be directed by the

                                standard of the same Divine Law, whereas the SADDUCEES,

                                who had brought the SYRIAN wars to a successful issue,

                                held that religion and state were two totally

                                different things; that God had given man power to

                                take matters into his own hands, and that it was

                                foolish to want for a supernatural interference, where

                                human energy and will were all that was required.

 

This

 

 

-6-

                         This political difference soon became religious.

                     The people aided with the PHARISEES, and the SADDUCEES

                     lost their influence. The PHARISEES assumed the

                     dogma of immortality, while the SADDUCEES could find

                     no warrant for it nor any need of future reward. The

                     Pharisees reverenced traditional ordinances equally 

                     with Mosaic institutions, whereas the SADDUCEES

                     rejected or varied some of these accordingt to the

                     traditions of their own families. Many legal

                     differences relating to applications of laws of

                     inheritance to daughters, responsibility of a master

                     for his servants, were only political party views in

                     a religious mask. In general the PHARISEES handled

                     justice in a manner much milder manner than their

                     antagonists. Out of their midst rose the great

                     doctors and masters of the Law. The greatest 

                     misconception has prevailed even among scholars

                     respecting this patriotic, pious, learned and national

                     party of progress. There were among them some who

                     were a disgrace to their party, and the TALMUD

                     castigates certain fanatical numbers of their own

                     committee as the "plague of Pharisaism". Pharisaism,

                     from which gradually grew the democratical party of

                     Zealots, has, from the final destruction of the

                     commonwealth to the present day, remained the principal

                     representative of Judaism as a creed. .

 

                                       -----------------------------------------

 

 

5/4/19

 

[*piece of paper covering a small amount of the wording

which has on it "SCM   M   B V  John" *]

 

Sir George Scott - Bun - - - - - - - - - -  rain

                                (his Bat ------------" in Burmese)

Andrew C. Lucchisi - The eminent Sculptor.

Sir Horace Marshall - Lord Mayor of London.

John Hassall - Brush Artist.

Louis Brennan  -  Inventor of Torpedo & Mono - rail.

Lt. Col. Mortimer Boyle - United States Army.

D^r Francis Bobster - Royal Navy (distinguished 

                                                                at [[?Tulland?]]

D^r G. Porter Phillips - Superintendent of Bethlehem

                                                                                Hospital.

Lt. Col. Frederick Whrott.

Lt. Col. H. M. Farmar - my former A.A. & Q.MG.

D^r Phineas S. Abraham - Chairman of Savage Club.

Lord Gisborough - (brother of Walter Long)

Solomon J. Solomon - Painter

Col. C. Ward-Jackson - Household Cavalry.

 

 

DSC

Conference

Capt. Parker

 

7/4/19

 

April prospects

Effects of shortage in

          Crowding of depots

          Unnecessary shortening of leave

 

Shipping Ministry told Waters  They

        generated 35000 for May, -

I object to these bluffing reporters &

entraining me. -

 

Put out programme no ships that are

not containers, -

Scotland's complaints

[[?]] of Board. -

 

 

RD

 

7-4-19

 

Salaustria

Tidworth

 

For M^cGlenn are Shipping prospects  render xxx certain you

will not be required produce ^^{for embarkation} more than eighteen fifteen thousand

troops and invalidity between  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx now and

thirtieth  ^^{including for Fras - [[?]] - Mortes.} aaa You xxxx xxxx xxx xxxxxx should [[?]]

reconsider necessity

xx shortening leave for quotes now arriving aaa This xx quote irrespective

of interference with leave caused by Anzac day march

but this question xx also partly affected by fact that you should will

xxxx have ample other troops available for early May embarkations

aaa Monash

 

Demsbaust.

 

Spare Copy.

 

 

RD

Spare Copy

7/4/19

 

My dear M^cGlinn

I telegraphed you this morning as follows :-

[Quota}

The shipping situation has suddenly taken a turn for the worse. - No

less than 6 ships definitely promised for April are likely to be

deployed till early May, & the prospects of getting substitutes for them,

to sail before April 30, are not encouraging. -

I feel confident that, of the sailing of April 9 &  from now on all xxxxxx ships

likely to sail before April 1 will not embark a total of more than

15000 as a maximum, & even this figure may not be reached.

This situation has two important consequences. - Firstly it will

obviate the necessity of shortening down ^^{from 28 to 22 days} the period of

preparations in

England which we intend to enforce from Quota

22 onwards, seeing that you may now expect to have ^^{early in May} ample troops who

have been more than 28 days in England xxxxxxx, to fill all ships ^^[[?then?]]

offering early in May. - Please go into figures & let me have your

opinion on Wednesday next. -

But there is a more serious consequence, which in that, at any

time between April 20 ( after the Marathon sails) and May 1 you may ^^perhaps

have your depots again filled up, by reason of the in flow from France

overtaking the embarkations. - Now, the very last thing I wish to do

is to stop the flow from France. -They're the gravest reasons against

doing so. - I therefore want you to accept ^^{during April} all troops from France

(up to & including Quota 41) whatever happens to the shipping. -

 We can go into figures more closely on Wednesday, to ascertain in

how far the accomodation of depots might be exceeded if the shipping

for the last 11 days of April were to fail seriously. - But I wish you

to take into consideration the possibility, & have preparations well

in hand, of putting (perhaps) several thousand troops under canvas

towards the end of April, for a short period, that is, until the 

large number of delayed April ships ^^actually sail in the first half of May.

 

Yours sincerely