Thomas Whyte Collection - Wallet 3 - Part 1 of 10

The Art Gallery of South Australia

  
Dante Gabriel Rosetti British 1828-1882 
The Loving Cup 
Gouache 52.6 x 35.9 cm

Favorites of the Emperor Honorius by J. W. Waterhouse. R.A.

  
THE FAVORITES OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS 
PURCHASED 1883                       J.W. Waterhouse 
                                                           E R I 
 

DESTINY.      BY      T. C. GOTCH, R.I. 
 

um and Gallery

[*torn page, difficult to decipher full text*] 

(FRENCH OFFICIAL) 
                                     Paris, Tuesday 
Operations to-day were favourable to 
us on the whole front. There was an artil- 
lery duel in Belgium. The British south 
of Ypres are in possession of a certain 
number of trenches where there was 
sharp fighting for the past two days. Be-
tween the Oise and the Aisne, near 
Bailly, our artillery effectively bombard- 
ed convoys and gatherings of troops. We 
progressed in the Rheims sector near 
Loivre. We captured three kilometres of 
trenches and several hundred prisoners 
north-west of Perthes to the north of 
Beau Sėjour in Champagne. There were 
infantry actions in Argonne. Between  
Four-de-Paris and Boureuilles fighting 
continues favourably. We captured sev- 
eral blockhouses in Bois-le-Pretre north-
west of Pont-á-Mousson.   Reuter. 
  
                             ______ 
  
(FRENCH OFFICIAL.) 
Paris, Wednesday evening. 
Between the sea and the Oise our 
artillery dispersed numerous bodies of 
troops and destroyed convoys of cais- 
sons. We carried two lines of trenches 
north of Arras, repulsed violent 
counter-attacks, took prisoners and 
inflicted heavy loss. Many German 
officers were killed. Progress made on 
Tuesday in the Rheims sector near 
Loivre was maintained and consolidated. 
In Champagn we continued to gain 
north-west of Perthes and captured the 
enemy positions on a front of 800 yards. 
All German counter-attacks north of 
Mesnil-les-Hurlus and Beauséjour were  
repulsed. In Argonne we advanced at  
Bois Lagrurie and maintained our posi- 
tion notwithstanding two violent coun- 
ter-attacks and very hot bayonet encoun- 
ters, which cost the enemy dear A 
strong German attack at Four-de-Paris 
was repulsed. Between Argonne and 
the Meuse we advanced at various 
points. In Alsace we seized the heights 
dominating Sude 'le farm'. Our aero- 
planes bombarded Freiburg in Breisgau. 
                                                           Reuter. 
  
                              _____ 
  
London, Thursday. 
The British troops have recaptured 
the trenches at Saint-Etoy they recently 
lost.                                     Mokattam. 
  
                            ______ 
  
Ottawa, Tuesday. 
In the House of Commons Sir F. 
Borden read a telegram from Mr. Har- 
court announcing that the Canadian con- 
tingent had landed safely in France. 
  
  
27th and 28th divisions, composed  
cipally of the batallions from India, inclu 
ing Patricia's Canadians. He also com 
mends highly the work of the Arm 
Medical Staff and the splended sanit 
tion and excellent services of the Roy 
Eng neers. He concludes by saying th 
there is no reason to modify in any mate 
ial degree the views of his last despatc 
of the general situation. He again grate 
fully acknowledges the valuable help an 
support of General Foch, Durbal an 
Maudhuy of the French Army. 
  
London, Tuesday. 
Second Lieutenant Gore Brown 
R.F.A and Lieutenant Gillespie, Gor 
don Highlanders, captured in Januar 
tried to scape from L lle fortress b  
jumping fifty feet from the wall. Th  
former broke his leg. Gillespie was m  
hurt but stayed by his friend till bo 
were recaptured. A German officer in 
formed their families. 
Reuter's Special Service. 
  
London, Tuesday. 
In the House of Commons, Mr Prim 
rose said arrangements had been mad 
to release civilian British   and Germ  
prisione s over fifty-five. Mr Primros  
states that it has been  settled to subm  
the Wilhelminia's cargo to a prize cour  
There was no question of proceeding  
against the vessel itself. 
Reuter's Special Service. 
  
MENTIONED IN DESPATCHE 
                        —— 
THREE THOUSAND NAMES. 
  
London, Wednesday. 
A Gazette    was issued to-night  
twenty-seven pages containing Fiel 
Marshal Sir John French's recommen 
ations for gallant and distinguished se 
vice in the field.   The list includes a 
ranks and all arms,  also naval transpo 
and naval airmen,   altogether abo 
3,000 names.                          Reuter. 
                           ______ 
(Al-Ahram Special Service.) 
Folkestone, Wednesday. 
  Ninety-four disabled German prisone 
left to day for Holland to be exchange 
against British d.sabled. 
                        _____________ 
          THE RUSSIAN OPERATIONS 
_________________________________________ 
_________________________________________        
THE FIGHTING IN BUKOVINA 
                              ______ 
(Al-Ahram Special Service.) 
Novoselitz, Wednesday. 
Austro-German troops, 120,00 
strong, continue to attack fiercely th 
Russian posit.ons before  Czernowitz 
The Germans suffered appalling loss 
in crossing the river Sereth and in a 
vancing down the val.ey of the rive 
Pruth from Washkivitza, in fact the 
lines were melt.ng like snow before t 
Russian fire. The enemy has cut t 
road from Czernowitz to Rumania b 
the Russians and hurrying up reinforc 
ments. Before this road was cut 
the Germans hundreds of refuge s fl 
into Rumania fearing Austrian ve  
geance. The Russians are showi 
great pluck and determination. 
                       ______ 
  
(RUSSIAN OFFICIAL. 
Petrograd, Wednesday. 
Fighting on the right bank of the V 
tula continues in practically the same  
gions and is very desperate in some s 
ors. No change on the left bank of 
Vistula. We repulsed an attack on 
front of Khawa-Vykorotsch in Gali 
inflicting heavy loss and we captu 
1410 prisoners in repulsing an attack f 
ther east. The Germans delivered 
series of sustained impetuous attacks   
ween Koziomoka and the Wysch 
pass. All were repulsed with heavy lo 
es.         Almost a whole battalion w 
bayonetted. The survivors were captur 
In Bukovina there is no change. 
Reute 
                             ______ 
(RUSSIAN OFFICIAL.) 
Petrograd, Wednesday. 
The Germans are advancing by G 
jevo on Osowiec. On the Vistula th 
have reached the Plock-Rancionz fro 
All German attacks on the Bzura w 
repulsed. 
In the Carpathians we made prog 
on the left bank of the San. 
In Bukovina the Germans have o 
pied lake Nadwornaia and passed 
river Sceret.      Havas 
                           ________ 
 (RUSSIAN OFFICIAL.) 
The Russians on the 15th obstina

                    THE
PROGRESS OF THE WAR

                 _______

 THE DUM-DUM BULLET

                  ______

(By Our Military Correspondent.) 
There is a lot of mystery about the 
"Dum-Dum" bullet. The Germans 
are quite convinced they are being used  
by the British and French armies, and the  
latter are equally convinced that the Germans 
are doing the same. 
It may be laid down as a fact that na- 
tional arsenals, in Germany, France or 
Great Britain, do not make Dum-Dum 
bullets. Many newspapers when speaking 
of the modern bullet use the expression 
"steel jacketed."     There is no such 
thing as a  "steel-jacketed bullet." The 
modern small-arms bullet consists of a 
composition core of lead and tin surround-
ed by a jacket of cupronickel or cupro 
zinc-alloy. If a steel jacket was used,  
it would rip the interior of the rifle bar- 
rel clean out. The metal used, cupro- 
nickel or cuprozinc-alloy, is just soft  
enough to conform to the rifled interior  
of the gun. And yet it is sufficiently  
ard to give cause, after a hundred or so 
rounds have been fired, to barrel erosion 
in conjunction with the effect of the 
high-pressure,   slow-burning explosive 
used. The eroism increases in battle, as 
the soldier has fewer opportunities of 
cleaning his rifle out. It will be observ- 
ed, therefore, that every jacketed rifle 
bullet ever designed is potentially a 
"dum-dum" bullet. Every such bullet 
may become one of the dum-dum variety 
for one of two causes either by reason 
of natural forces working on it, or by the 
design of the man who first despatched it. 
Let us examine the first cause to begin 
with. 
KEYHOLING. 
The modern jacketed bullet, whether 
it is of the round-nose or pointed-nos 
(British) type, swings beautifully true 
through its trajectory up to a point which 
is uncertain - that is to say, nobody knows 
the exact point at which a bullet begins 
to lose the stability imported by the 
force which discharged it. After that it 
begins what is called "keyhole." Ins- 
tead of continuing the direct rotary mo- 
ion imparted to it by the rifling, the 
bullet begins to lose way and its base 
begin to swing in a circle larger than its 
own circumference. When it does this 
the missile goes through the air with much 
the same familiar movement as that of the 
ordinary spinning top when it begins to 
slow down after losing the full force of 
the original rotary motion imparted by 
the manipulation of the cord which start- 
ed it. This exaggerated rotation of the 
base is called keyholing.     Keyholing 
may be due to a variety of causes: it may 
result from an imperfection in the bullet 
itself, such as shape, balance, weight in 
ratio to powder charge; from erosion 
of the rifle barrel from atmospheric cond- 
itions, from decreasing velocity, etc.. 
etc. There is no way to ascertain the  
cause in every case, but we know that 
bullets do keyhole. and the very fact of 
this keyholing makes a bullet a splendid 
instrument to stop, abruptly and perman- 
ently, any living thing it hits. 
AT THE MOMENT OF IMPACT 
Further if a pointed bullet is 
not actually keyholing from any 
of the above causes, at the mo- 
ment of impact, it is very likely to do 
so the moment it meets with anything, 
such as a buckle-belt or bone, which im- 
pedes its easy penetration and continued 
flight. Judging by wounds examined in 
hospitals, there have even been instances 
of bullets commencing to keyhole when 
entering soft flesh; but, generally speak- 
ing, such action only takes place after 
he missile has lost much of its initial ve- 
locity.  The action occurs upon con- 
tact because the point of the bullet is 
checked (although only for an infini- 
tesimal part of a second) before the 
base is as with the point engaged 
and checked,  the base      starts to 
catch up with it. What happens 
next, depends almost entirely up 
on how fast the bullet was travelling 
when it hit. If it still retains consider- 
able energy, it will spiral its way 
through the object struck in a fairly 
clean manner. But if it is moving with 
impaired velocity ( i.e. keyholing) it is  
likely to imbed itself in the bone or 
flesh and then, unable to penetrate 
right through clearly, use its remaining 
energy in pushing the bone or flesh 
ahead of it. The sharper the point of 
the bullet (and the British, German 
and American army bullets are all sharp  
pointed) the more likely it is to keyhole, 
and create a terrible would which is 
likely to bring forth the charge that 
dum-dum missiles have been used. 
That much of the talk of dum-dum 
bullets is consequent upon keyholing 
is the belief of many military experts. 
There is, however, another side to 
the case, the deliberate dum-duming of 
bullets by soldiers themselves. A knife 
or bayonet is used to cut off the point 
of the jacket in such a manner that 
when the bullet strikes, the lead and tin 
core will pour through and spread out. 
This is the dum-dum bullet, and, to be 
perfectly frank, you cannot find any 
army in the world---British, German,  
French, Belgian, Austrian, Russian, 
Japanese or Boer---that has no men 
who have deliberately turned jacketed 
bullets into dum-dums, by the simple 
process just described. There is some- 
thing to be said for the man who does 
it. A soldier in the trenches sees an 
enemy rushing at him, and know from 
experience that a clean bullet hole will 
not stop him. He is very apt, and per- 
haps naturally, at such taime to attach 
more importance to saving his own skin 
than to obeying the behests of the 
Hague or any other Convention. Dur- 
ing the South African War, the am- 
munition of our men was frequently in - 
spectedby their officers to see that they 
were not dum-duming the bullets, and  
cases where they had done so were oc- 
casionally found. In the official account  
of the American War in the Phillipines 
it is stated "The commanding officers 
of every company examined every in- 
dividual cartridge on every individual 
soldier at morning inspection to see that 
none had been tampered with."  Com- 
menting upon this, an American mili- 
tary writer adds    "A few hours later  
you could see many an enlisted man pa- 
tiently sandpapering his cartridges so 
that the jacket point would be worn to 
such thinness  as would effect 'mush- 
rooming' upon impact. " 
In a recent article by the German 
Professor Wilhelm Moll ndorf, it is  
stated that he thinks the soldiers of the 
countries at war with Germany are 
ethically the equals of his countrymen, 
and he adds "The enforcement in war 
of international law or Hague cove- 
nants depends, in the last resort, upon 
the moral sense of each individual sol- 
dier."       We may admit that there is  
quite a lot in this latter statement. 
There are soldiers in every army who 
manufacture dum-dum bullets, though 
we may perhaps believe that, pro rata, 
there are more in the German army 
than in ours.

                     THE
 PROGRESS OF THE WAR.

                    _____

STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
           OF RAILWAYS.

                  _______

(By our Military Correspondent.) 
The recent operations in the eastern 
European theatre of the war illustrate 
very clearly the value of railways in re- 
gard to military concentration. The Rus- 
sians had extended their right flank in 
Eastern Prussia very near to the Baltic 
at Tilsit, and had assumed a strategic 
offensive which has successfully placed 
them in occupation of the Prussian towns 
of Lyck, Johannesburg, Goldapp, Eyd- 
thuhen, and had carried them up to the 
vicinity of Insterburg, Angerburg, Ras- 
tenburg and Sensburg. For the second 
time since the war started the Germans 
found the situation in Eastern Prussia 
growing acute. Public opinion demand- 
ed that the Russian advance should not 
only be stopped, but that the pet pro- 
vince of Prussian junkerdom should be 
cleared of the enemy. It may be said at 
once that the Germans have succeeded  
in doing this, and the telegrams have told 
us very plainly what has occurred. The 
Germans, utilising their admirable rail- 
way system, suddenly reinforced their 
line in Eastern Prussia by additional 
troops which are variously estimated as 
being from twelve divisions, which 
would be an army corps and a half, or 
about 60,000 men, to four army corps or 
about 160,000 men. An immediate and 
vigorous offensive was started against  
what would be about the centre of the 
Russian right flank around Johannes- 
burg and Lyck. It is improbably that the 
Russians were taken by surprise. They 
seem to have been quite clear, at an early 
period, as to the German concentration, 
though they may not have known exact- 
ly the number of additional forces being 
brought up. 
Their lack of railways, however, prevented 
them in turn, bringing up rein- 
forcements in sufficient time to meet the 
situation effectively. In Eastern Prussia 
there is a perfect network of railways 
giving direct communication, without 
break of gauge, between the interior of 
Germany and the whole German frontier, 
with Osterode, Allenstein, Sensburg, 
Rastenburg, Angerburg, Lyck, Inster- 
burg, Gumbinnen and right along the 
frontier to Tilsit. The Russians, on their 
side, have nothing like this. The frontier 
is only crossed, with break of gauge, in 
three places. In the extreme north a line 
runs from Kovno, through Wirballen, to 
Eydtkuhnen; lower down, the line from 
Grodno to Suwalki, crosses the frontier  
and goes to Goldapp and Angerburg, 
while in the south-eastern corner of East- 
ern Prussia a line from Bialvstok runs 
through Osowiec, with a branch to Au- 
gustowo,G rajevo, and across the frontier 
to Lyck and Lotzen. There is no railway 
system running parallel to the frontier, 
as the Germans have for almost the whole 
length of it on their side. 
Having collected their men far more 
rapidly than the Russians could collect 
any men to meet them, the Germans 
launched their effort. It is quite clear  
what this effort was. Ignoring altogether, 
at any rate only containing the ex- 
treme right flank of the Russians, they 
hurled a great mass of men, supported by 
heavy artillery, against the centre of the 
lank around Lyck. The movement was 
successful in its object, but, in common 
with all massed attacks in present day 
warfare, was unquestionably attended 
with enormous slaughter on the side of  
e aggressor. One telegram spoke of 
7,000 German dead in one encounter. 
What happened after is clear from a 
perusal of the map, though without such 
id, the telegrams appear contradictory. 
One telegram speaks of a great battle in 
which the German advance was finally 
repulsed at Augustowo, twenty miles 
within Russian territory. Another asserts 
hat the Germans have not crossed the  
frontier into Russia. The telegrams refer 
to two different places. The German of- 
fensive undoubtedly pierced the centre of 
the Russian right flank around Lyck and 
carried everything before it up to Au- 
gustowo, an advance of some thirty 
miles. At Augustowo and at Osowiec it 
was checked, for the very simple reason 
that here the retiring Russians came on 
to their own railway system again and 
would have undoubtedly have found heavy re- 
inforcements waiting for them. The line 
from Augustowo to Osowiec is about 
twenty-five miles and seems to represent 
very accurately the line of the German 
front or edge along and behind which 
men were packed and were pressed for- 
ward regardless of loss of life. The 
actual effort having been perforce end- 
ed, we may take it that, provided the 
ground is not frozen too hard, the Ger- 
mans have dug themselves in. 
So much for the centre. Now the very 
fact of this centre having been thrown 
back, would necessitate the extremity of 
the right flank, that portion lying through 
Goldapp. Gumbinnen, Eydtkuhnen up 
to Tilsit, retiring to save itself from en- 
velopment It has retired as we know, 
but it is to this portion of the area the 
telegram relates which states that the 
Germans have not crossed the Russian 
frontier and that the Russians are still in 
Eastern Prussian. The retirement in this 
area was probably undertaken leisurely 
and while the distance receded was suf- 
ficient to preclude the possibility of en- 
velopment,  it stopped also the German 
advance which had been following it up, 
and the Russians have by now probably 
dug themselves in. The fact that in the 
centre the German advance made for 
Augustowo and Osowiec is significant, 
as it shows an attempt to obtain posses- 
sion of the Russian railways at these 
important points. It displays, once again 
the strategic value of railways in modern 
warfare, and how thoroughly this is ap- 
preciated by the German General Staff, 
To summarise; the Germans have un- 
questionably gained a success, if success 
is to be judged by an advance for a short 
distance at an appalling loss of life and 
at the expenditure of an enormous quan- 
tity of numitions of war. As to how far  
the Germans can stand such repeated 
strains, and the strains is going on over 
the whole fighting area, only the future  
can show.

The

____

    RISING PRICES

        IN EGYPT.

             _____

THE CASE OF FLOUR

       AND COAL.

               _____ 
(From a Correspondent.) 
The decision of the Government to al- 
low the exportation of flour has surprised 
the majority of the population. Lately 
the price of flour has been increased at 
such a rate that great uneasiness is felt 
among the natives. 
The sack of flour which a few weeks 
ago was worth a hundred and eight 
piastres, is not sold now under two 
hundred and twenty five. It is not the 
well-to-do people that have to suffer but 
the poor who have been sorely tried late- 
ly through lack of employment. The 
bakers being obliged to follow the price 
quoted in the price list have reduced the 
size of the loaves. 
Another question which raised much 
discussion yesterday morning at Alex- 
andria is the decision to the Customs  
Administration to increase the tariff for 
coal. A meeting was held on Monday  
morning at the Customs Administration 
and the Customs' authorities and the 
coal merchants agreed to raise the price 
of coal still further. It must be remem- 
bered that a few years ago the Govern- 
ment, in order to help the cultivators and 
to encourage them to buy portable en- 
gines and agricultural impliments re- 
duced the Customs' dues from 8 1/2 
per cent to 4 1/2. This measure was 
very much appreciated by all those inter- 
ested in the welfare of the agriculturists. 
Great uneasiness has been shown lately 
by the Government at the large increase 
in the price of coal which has taken place 
in England, and the consumers think that 
it is more proper to reduce the Customs' 
dues rather than increase them. If the 
Customs Administration is a branch of 
the Egyptian Government why do not the 
responsible authorities in this department 
follow the views of the latter; which [[is]] 
the welfare of the people? 
Nowadays it is a well-known fact that 
the agriculturists, owning to the introduc- 
tion of machinery to help them in their 
work, are the greatest consumers of the 
coal imported into this country. The 
actual price is high enough to tax their 
already sorely pressed resources. The con- 
sumer has to pay 62 shillings per ton for 
Newcastle coal and 66 shillings per ton 
for Cardiff coal. The goods are delivered 
free on truck and the railways charge 
have to be paid by the buyer. At the 
actual rate of valuation, the importer will 
have to pay to the Customs 2 shillings  
and 9 pence per on, which he will charg 
to the consumer. Coal merchants who 
a short time ago were able to convinc 
the Government of the necessity of tak 
ing coal out of the price list will now re 
fuse to sell coal at the present rate. 
Let us hope that the authorities will 
do their utmost and that the prices fixed 
by the Customs yesterday morning will 
be decreased. This measure will be a[[?]] 
much appreciated by all those interested 
in the question as the reduction in the  
Customs' dues ten years ago. 
                   _______________ 
FOR PRESBYTERIAN SOLDIERS 
  
There will be a short service in St. 
Andrew's Church, Cairo, at 4 p.m. on 
Saturday the 27th instant, to be followed 
by a Social meeting in the Continental 
Hotel at 5 p.m. The meetings on Satur- 
day (27th) are for men in Mena Camp; 
and there will be similar meetings for 
those at Zeitun on the following Satur- 
day. Tickets for the 27th (limited to 300) 
may be obtained from the Presbyterian 
Chaplain at Mena. 
                      _______________ 
PRINTANIA THEATRE. 
  
On Saturday, February 27 next, at 
4 p.m. precisely, the fourth grand sym- 
phonic concert under the patronage of  
Comm. Attilio Serra, the Italian Agent, 
will take place and will be composed of 
65 performers under the direction of 
Maestro Gaston Hirsch. 
PROGRAMME 
Elgar, Pomp and Circumstance. 
March; A. Dvorak, The New World. 
Symphony, adagic, allegro molto, largo. 
scherzo, allegro con fuoco; B. Haik: (a). 
The Poor Fisherman; (b) St. Genev- 
ieva keeping watch over Paris asleep, 2 
essays after the picture by Pavis de 
Chavannes; Steam boat after T. Corbore; 
Tschaikowsky: 1st part of the major con- 
certo for violin and orchestra; allegro 
moderato; Mr. Isaia viol n; T. Sinigag- 
lia; Two Dances on Piemontese Popular 
Airs. 
Prices of admission will be as fol- 
lows:— 
Side boxes (in pit-tier) P.T. 80; boxes, 
1sr row P.T. 60; boxes, 2nd row 
P.T. 40; front stalls P.T. 15; stalls 
P.T. 10; box stalls P.T. 10; amphi- 
theatre P.T.4.   Tickets are on sale  
daily at the door of the theatre.   The 
doors are closed during the performance 
of the items. 
_____________________________________________________________

Port-Said   Eastern Exchange Hotel.

   FIRST CLASS 
                ENGLISH HOTEL 
Telegrams "COMFORT Port Said