Lecture notes written by Albert Jacka VC

Conflict:
First World War, 1914–18
Subject:
  • Albert Jacka VC
Status:
Awaiting approval
Accession number:
AWM2018.785.10
Difficulty:
3

Page 1 / 10

54 Landscape Largets. Mes. Military Posabulary. Fisnal Traming. the of Fuld Planses. Jindication + Recoqnition of anning pout Pisual Feaming BPlade landscape bargets in front of a plasson + get mmen to point out different objects B) Pu small sithouethe targets on 2 lt men pick tthem out. B Examining of ground areas. The advantage of uisual haming enables men to conad & pick up objects quickly. Field Planses and to search areas of ground owty observation of made with seyes. nence athemph its give a fueloider while looking through glasses. 57 I Rimia Judication point. Foints use of clock face + fingumethed. Fetudying ground. Duffienh methods of advance. & sebuting Elementary Tenstruction in lange fuding 25 Gyaids lange. Collective Grauping Terts of Judication of + rrecognition of Wargets Fllurtation of consentiation of fie. H Section comfretation Saigets for temal seaning Blace them at to yards and put fafther back as men improve then eyesight put haigets back too 25 yards.
Desibing scitors Shik abbottom of landscape wwak towards tthe hop. Never use the heen taiget always say landscafie. Disadvantage of Glanes. Too limihed a view Indication & recognition ac. Rank + file should only be taught recognition. the of range cards. Useful to fine muit commanded Always iree that the fine woet command does not fue hes mush observe the effect of his sestions fie. Supply of Ammumtion the Field. The amount of amunition set down, for the use of one eifle in the field is 550 rounds dishibuted as follow Caried on the man 120 rounds in Regt. Revewver 00 Bugade Reveuz with F.A. BA.C, 80 Den Anen Colonn50 350 couds Sn Addition with Amannition Pack 100 100 0.C. L. 200 Thus a tolal of 550 counds persifle Before moving out an expa 5o wonds is dawn from the Regt. reserve by Cay F.ll. Replenishing Amun. Each Battn has 8 pack annuals causing 2 hoses each that is 1600 rounds 9+ 6S.A.A. carts carrying 16 hoses each 1of the S.A. A carl is for reserve amuunition of machine gun section
60 Tuff. Bugade reserve is foued his taking 2 carts from each Balln making & J.R.A cails for Bugade Reewe. The Buigade Reseive is commanded by a mounted Caph. + is directed the Buggadice The Regh reserve is charge of Tthe RS.C. The pack horses are spllh up each bay I are in charge of tthe C.H.R. The pack horses get uup as close to the fuing line adpossible + are not touched unless absolutely neressary. The C.S.M. will draw all the amn. wanted from the R.S.M. from the SA.Aen when these are empty they go back to be refolled from the Buigade reserve When the Brigade reserve wants wepten ishing they send back to the L.A.ID.A.C. which has 8 S.A. A carls & y.G.S. waggon If a bath is detached from the begade they take then two reserve casts with It hem. Dw. Aunn. Column individed into o sections, each section has a sub-elia canying I A. ammunition caried for SS weggons Each waggon cames foboses Theie ale o S.S. waggous The Dis. Aob. is in hrun supplied by from the Anna. Park. The Amn Park cames from ealhend fy mcchanical hransport I meet 2A.E aft tendezvous known as Keffelling touh. There is always a supply of ann at iaitbut Penforing troops sany capa amn forward Reg. S. Packaminals Battations Rerar C. T.A. A corts. Tiuf Brigadte 112116 reserd P.S.A. A. darts F.A.B.A.C. 7.S. S. waggous. Lupply 7.G. S.wargous. Eun and thefild D..A.C. X Refilling out SH. Pack
63 Attack (Pait continuation of Felimary Tianing Decisive attach ran only he wo by a vigourous of fensive The better organisston + shill in leading the bellee will be result et Fonce is do ided into two paits. Pettacking Fone General Reserve to throw in o detuce The decisive bloye. The man object of attack is to close with the enemy. An attack can never be won by fu alone, but by advance & defermination. The attacking fore is divided up into thiec. Siing Line Supports. Loral Reseiue. 63 to The first portion is extended about 1to 3 men fee yaid. The other portin to about to 5 man pew yord The responsiblity attack is on the superior officers of A Bugadia issues orders to the RO. of Ballalions + allots them themportion of frontage. The Battation commander in hums allots + issues orders to his 6oy. Jcommaiders. When an action staits conhol becomes very diffirutt therefore the Batln coude unupt give his boyrand very definate orders The O.C. Caysgive desincte ordees to the Blaloon combis & cridies the ground before altack. The hay. cond hen takes langes + takeaut him a section comder from each flalson, The rectior couide makes out a range said THe C. Sith in the meanhing usues out the the eatia amd. bandolice of 50 wods.
64 The Cay coudr pares his orders to his other oy Dlfuers who in him pase them onto the men Iu staiting the advance generally move off in Aitillay formation untill the enemy fire get too shong you thear extend unto lines of skymishers with scouls out imfront. You must get as far asposible with alt opening fire no advance is to wen. When the enemys fire is too shong to advance any futher without covering fie the line gets down + opens fue To get further you must product a greater vvolume of fire than the exemy so as to beat down hs fie theyforeI you must being up unforcemedts from ofte lear O imforements noming up suection comdis wshell of sections Fuyther advance is made by wwihes scitions giving mutual support. Sin) an advance you much always prepared for a counter allack. 50 Hising Bayonets Bayonets will be fixed about 400 yards from the endury I position + be arue alteinately so no not to shop firing for or give the enem a chance. The last final wsh will be over a distance of 60 or 70 yards & the whole hue must use together& go forward at a steady double. Betar the final assult a few rounds of rapd fis should be given. Ten the attack the men in the lear should always cary their cifles at the slope. After caphining a position the lehreating enemy wall be puisued by fie only As soon as a pocition is taken it should be hrepared in case of I counter attack. The extra amn. brough up by the supports will be dishibited 8 Thos Fue nuit condes ietell off then seations
66 If the evemy has had enough + is scheating you will then redganse forward. Korghmang fouard The scouts will first he sent out in pront & the hoops that came up last will be senn forward 67 Fise Achion Lechure Fus action is that which is directly connected with the production I application of fue with the object of Smeeting the facticular requirements of your bactical situation Fire tachis is the handling of broops in the presence of the eneary. in referease with prodpiction of fire as well as fouation + inque- ment. ofine duection & control depend mainly- y uupon good organisation for fire actiong + the efficiency of the Lyperor Officer. Daties of Fuedieta Begapsition for due Atack Allotment of frontage of objectivne to each unit. Anangements for communication ammunition Anangements for covering fire including (Attillery & MJshine Kun Fiie)
68 Ii allohing frontages sectors may overlap. Responsibility works down from the superior officer to the private soldier himself. Haudling? Fue direction of Fire Fuscoutol. Fie Duector Before opening fer he must icconnoine allot his pout push forward to the hime to opea five, Smake best use of the ground + forations, afoid losses keep his men in hand as long a possible, failing order to open or withhold his fire to his own judgementt auange commun ication withhineighbouring hoops After opening fire he must Regulate monement Select suitable targets, Ipecide where to consentiate his five Regulate supply of Ammnition Considermeans available for ranging 82 Anange for simaltancous opsning of live by fire unit comdgrs. Mre Hip judgement when + how to advance + what covering fin needed, + watch neighbouring hoops. Duties of Fue wuch condes Tive excentive orders of hie diector o when orders cease to act as he would expect the fire ducitor to wish Fill discipline is intelligent obedience of all orders w with the skithil us of the ufle by the man in the ranks Duhes of the men in the ranks Couect adjustment of sights Corect & iapid adoption of a fice position. Quick recognition of stargets Couect use of safety satch especially before advaticig Economy of Ammunition cease fire when tordered to
70 To pass all orders quiskly + accuately 7 fromer to enduce enemy's fire whon no refly ipossible. o Harry out ouganal orders of fin ant conide I when separated. 9 When ordered rapid fire rombine axcuacy with rapid 10 at short ranges to watch for the enemy to expost himself + fire at him Fire discipline wwill be staughtin Whice stages. Give all words of command clearly I check 1 all faults. stage Make sure ever position taught is pperfectly taken up. See ino macs is fired than ordered with movement I no amu, 9nd more diffuctelt taiget, advance stage + after a hime come to the half + aksume the loading position see every man falls into position quickly & takes a sure ann sheck all soglts V nd Piartie movement with blank 3 stage or ball ann. ball if possible Feue diruplive is the basis o pench action fas ffie
72 Marhine Sun Saches As machnes aun fue can be used to assist infaaty I cavalary foom the advance it is neverray all sshould know to combins the use to the best advantage this of achinie Gun Fire consentated fice on a 1 To hind particular object for a limited time To command some particular object for an unlimited hime To assist an advance. Too hold ground that has been capenit till remforements arrive To sover eeturement It is nccessary to watch for all meak spots in a apply fue where it is waited while attack his on 73 Machine Guus must always be prepared for any move of the exeny. The position of a machine gun section in the advance is just in iese of the frst line In holding ground that has already been won sections will be placed alongd the front. Section will be used to help ronce the estirement + to help hoops out of difficilt positions. Officees should always ask for maching guit support if they need it, many oppor- tunitied have been lost through Offfiers not asking for machine guds. An Officr sending for a machinegun section must mush point out which he wants or what is troubling him + leave the Machine Lun Officer to act on his own judgement. If a machine gun section is ordered ou-to a flank never refuse an eroit if it is asked for. There will always be a hange finder with a mashine gun neation
74 Frnch war fare Twas are always placed in spositions to give a noss- fire There should also be placed in second lind of henches in case of first line is brokon Behind the second tine truenches shougly portified positions with machine gines will be placed in case the first two lines are lost atlways in the morning look carefie down enemys trenches to ree if their is any fiesh work, If maching guns are picked they should be left A knocked out about Sup ben mmeubes before the advance. The 60 of a battaton has a right to demand at machine gun rection to sacriffie abself to save a balation 75 Buidging Throops advancing may have to cross iwees where theie are uo budges. They will have to find a means of Sgetting anross. Fords may be uered to noss + they will generally be found between two sheards ii the Isheam. Fords should be built obliquely accoss the sheam + should have good approaches to them. Always find out what the bed of the sheam is like + mark sup dowen the sheam with blags or forks so as nobody will miss the cipssing It man will noss a pheam with 3 feet wate horse 4 mihy waggon with only 2t The shought of the current can be found by a floating object. Bruidges may made of Raphs made buh of Taipaulids also by caltles & boak Baucls may also the used.

56

Landscape Targets

Uses.

Military Vocabulary.

Visual Training.

Use of Field Glasses.

Indication & Recognition of aiming point

Visual Training

a) Place landscape targets in front of a 

platoon & get men to point out different

objects.

B.) Pin small silhouette targets on & let

men pick them out.

C) Examining of ground areas.

The advantage of visual training enables

men to count & pick up objects quickly.

Field Glasses

used to search areas of ground & verify

observation of made with eyes.

Never attempt to give a fire order while

looking through glasses.

57

Indication & Aiming point.

Points

Use of clock face & finger-method

Studying ground.

Different methods of advance

Scouting

Elementary Instruction in range finding.

25 yards range.

1 Collective Grouping

2 Tests of Indication of & recognition

of targets

3 Illustration of consentration of fire.

4 Section competition

Targets for Visual Training

Place them at 10 yards and put farther

back as men improve their eyesight

put targets back too 25 yards.

 

58

Describing sectors.

Start at bottom of landscape & work

towards the top.

Never use the term targets always 
say landscape.

Disadvantage of Glasses.

Too limited a view.

Indication & recognition of aim.

Rank & file should only be taught

recognition.

Use of range cards.

Useful to fire unit commander

Always see that the fire unit commander

does not fire he must observe the

effect of his sections fire.

59

Supply of Ammunition in the 

Field.

The amount of ammunition set 

down for the use of one rifle in

the field is 550 rounds distributed

as follow.

Carried on the man            120 rounds

     "    in Regt. Reserves   )  100   "

     "     " Brigade Reserve )   80  "

     "    with F.A.B.A.C.             80   "

     "       "  Div. Am. Column  50

                                                  350 rounds

In Addition 

with Ammunition Pack  100

   "                 L.O.C.               100

                                               200

Thus a total of 550 rounds per rifle.

Before moving out an extra 50 rounds

is drawn from the Regt. reserve by Coy. S.M.

Replenishing Ammn.

Each Battn has 8 pack animals carrying

2 boxes each that is 1600 rounds &

6 S.A.A. carts carrying 16 boxes each

1 of the S.A.A. carts is for^reg. reserve

ammunition of machine gun section

 

60

Inf. Brigade reserve is formed by

taking 2 carts from each Battn. making

8 S.A.A. carts for Brigadier Reserve.

The Brigade Reserve is commanded

by a mounted Capt. & is directed ^by the

Brigadier.

The Regt. reserve is charge of the

R.S.M.

The pack horses are split up 2 to 
each Coy. & are in charge of the C.S.M.

The pack horses get up as close to

the firing line as possible & are not

touched unless absolutely necessary.

The C.S.M. will draw all the amm.

wanted from the R.S.M. from the S.A.A car

when these are empty they go back to be

refilled from the Brigade reserve.

When the Brigade reserve wants replenishing

they send back to the F.A.B.A.C.

which has 8 S.A.A carts & 7 G.S. waggons.

If a battn. is detached from the

brigade they take their two reserve

carts with them.

61

Div. Amn. Column is divided into

2 sections each section has a sub-section

carrying S.A. ammunition carried in

G.S waggons. Each waggon carries 20 boxes.

There are 7 G.S. waggons.

The Div. A.C. is in turn supplied

by from the Amn. Park.

The Amn. Park carries from rail-head

by mechanical transport & meets D.A.C.

at rendezvous known as Reffilling Point.

There is always a supply of amn. at rail-head.

Reinforcing troops carry extra amn. forward.

Reg.       ( 8. Pack animals

Reserve ( 6. S.A.A. carts

Diagram - see original document

 

62

Attack (Part 2)

continuation of Preliminary Training.

Decisive attack can only be won

by a vigorous offensive.

The better

organisation & skill in leading the

better will be result.

A Force is divided

into two parts.

1 Attacking Force

2 General Reserve to throw in & deliver

the decisive blow.

The main object of attack is to close

with the enemy. An attack can never

be won by fire alone, but by advance

& determination.

The attacking force is

divided up into three.

1 Firing Line

2 Supports.

3 Local Reserve

63

The first portion is extended to

about 1 to 3 men per yard.

The other portion

to about 1 to 5 men per yard.

The responsibility

of attack is on the superior Officers.

A Brigadier issues orders to the C.O.s

of Battalions & allots them their portion

of frontage.

The Battalion commander

in turn allots ^frontages & issues orders to his

Coy. commanders.

When an action starts

control becomes very difficult therefore

the Battn. comdr. must give his Coy. comdr.

very definate orders.

The O.C. Coys give

definate orders to the Platoon comdrs. &

studies the ground before attack.

The Coy.

comdr. then takes ranges & takes with

him a section comdr from each platoon,

the section comdr. makes out a range card.

The C.S.M. in the meantime issues out

the the extra amn. 1 bandolier of 50

rounds.

 

64

The Coy. comdr. passes his orders to his

other coy. Officers who in turn pass

them onto the men.

In starting the

advance generally move off in Artillery

formation until the enemy fire gets too

strong you then extend into lines of

skirmishers with scouts out in front.

You must get as far as possible without

opening fire. To advance is to win.

When the enemy's fire is too strong to

advance any fu^rther without covering fire

the line gets down & opens fire.

To get further you must produce a

greater volume of fire then the enemy

so as to beat down his fire therefore

you must bring up reinforcements from 
the rear.

On reinforcements coming up

section comdrs. retell of sections.

Further advance is made by rushes

sections giving mutual support.

In an advance you must always be

prepared for a counter attack.

65

Fixing Bayonets.

Bayonets will be

fixed about 400 yards from the enemy's

position & be done alternately so as

not to stop firing for or give the enemy

a chance.

The last final rush will be

over a distance of 60 or 70 yards & the

whole line must rise together & go

forward at a steady double.

Before the

final assault a few rounds of rapid

fire should be given.

In the attack

the men in the rear should always

carry their rifles at the slope.

After

capturing a position the retreating

enemy will be pursued by fire only.

As soon as a position is taken

it should be prepared in case of a

counter attack. The extra amm. brought

up by the supports will be distributed

& the Fire unit comdrs. retell off their

sections.

 

66

If the enemy has had enough &

is retreating you will then reorganise

forward.

Reorganising forward.

The scouts will first be sent out

in front & the troops that came up

last will be sent forward.

67

Fire Action (Lecture)

Fire action is that which is

directly connected with the production

& application of fire with the object

of meeting the particular requirements

of your tactical situation.

Fire tactics is the handling of

troops in the presence of the enemy

in reference with production of

fire as well as formation & movement.

Fire direction & control depend

mainly mainly upon good organisation

for fire action & the efficiency of the

Superior Officer.

Duties of Fire Direction

Organisation for Fire Attack.

1 Allotment of frontage of objective

to each unit.

2 Arrangements for communication &

ammunition.

3 Arrangements for covering fire

including (Artillery & Machine Gun

Fire).

 

68

In alloting frontages sectors may

overlap.

Responsibility works down from

the superior Officer to the private

soldier hmself.

Handling )  Fire direction &

of Fire       )  Fire control.

Fire Director.

M Before opening fire,

he must reconnoitre & allot his front,

push forward to the Line to open fire,

make best use of the ground & formations,

avoid losses, keep his men in hand

as long as possible, failing orders to

open or withhold his fire (as long according

to his own judgement & arrange communication

with neighbouring troops.

After opening fire.

he must

Regulate movement,

Select suitable targets,

Decide where to concentrate his fire,

Regulate supply of Ammunition,

Consider means available for ranging,

69

Arrange for simultaneous opening of

fire by fire unit comdrs.

Use his judgement when & how to fire,

to advance & what covering fire

needed, & watch neighbouring troops.

Duties of Fire unit comdrs.

Give executive orders of fire director

& when orders cease to act as he

would expect the fire director to wish.

Fire discipline is intelligent obedience

of all orders coupled combined with the skilful

use of the rifle by the man in the

ranks.

Duties of the men in the ranks.

1 Correct adjustment of sights

2 Correct & rapid adoption of a fire

position.

3 Quick recognition of targets.

4 Correct use of safety catch especially

before advancing.

5 Economy of Ammunition cease fire

when ordered to.

 

70

6 To pass all orders quickly & accurately

7 Power to endure enemy's fire when no

reply is possible.

8 Carry out original orders of fire unit

comdr. when separated.

9 When ordered rapid fire combine

accuracy with rapidity

10 at short ranges to watch for the

enemy to expose himself & fire at him

Fire discipline will be taught in

three stages.

1st stage Give all words of command

clearly & check all faults.

Make sure every position taught is

perfectly taken up.

See no more is fired than ordered.

2nd stage with movement & no amm, use

more difficult targets, advance

& after a time come to the halt

& assume the loading position

see every man falls into position

quickly & takes a sure aim, check

all sights.

71

3rd stage Practice movement with blank

or ball amn. ball if possible

Fire discipline is the basis & secret

of fire action

 

72

Machine Gun Tactics.

As machine gun fire can be used

to assist infantry & cavalry f in the

advance it is necessary all should

know to combine the use to the best

advantage.

Uses of Machine Gun Fire.

1 To bring concentrated fire on a

particular object for a limited

time

2 To command some particular object

for an unlimited time.

3 To assist an advance.

4 To hold ground that has been captured

till reinforcements arrive.

5 To cover retirement.

It is necessary to watch for all weak

spots in & apply fire where it is wanted

while attack is on.

73

Machine Guns must always be prepared

for any move of the enemy.

The position of a machine gun section

in the advance is just in rear of the 

first line.

In holding ground that has already

been won sections will be placed along

the front.

Section will be used to help cover the

retirement & to help troops out of difficult

positions.

Officers should always ask for machine

gun support if they need it, many opportunities

have been lost through Officers

not asking for machine guns.

An Officer sending for a machine gun

section must must point out what

he wants or what is troubling him &

leave the Machine Gun Officer to act on

his own judgement.

If a machine gun section is ordered

on-to a flank never refuse an escort 

if it is asked for.

There will always be

a range finder with a machine gun section.

 

74 

Trench war-fare

Guns are always placed

in positions to give a cross-fire.

These

should also be placed in second line of

trenches in case of first line is broken.

Behind the second line trenches strongly

fortified positions with machine guns will

be placed in case the first two lines are

lost.

Always in the morning look carefully

down enemys trenches to see if their is any

fresh work. If machine guns are picked

up they should be left & knocked out about

ten minutes before the advance.

The C.O. of a battalion has a right to

demand a machine gun section to sacrifice

itself to save a battalion.

75

Bridging

Troops advancing may have to

cross rivers where there are no bridges.

They will have to find a means

of getting across.

Fords may be used

to cross & they will generally be found

between two bends in the stream.

Fords should be built obliquely across

the stream & should have good approaches

to them.

Always find-out what the bed

of the stream is like & mark up &

down the stream with flags or posts

so as nobody will miss the crossing.

A man will cross a stream with 3 feet water

   horse   "       "             "            "     4   "       "

 waggon "      "             "     with only 2 feet 4 inches

The strength of the current can be found

by a floating object.

Bridges may made of Rafts made out

of Tarpaulins also by cables & boats.

Barrels may also be used.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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